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Turner ( 1969: 95) defined liminal entities as 'neither here nor there they are betwixt and between the positions assigned and arrayed by law, custom, convention, and ceremony'.ġ.4 Consistent with liminality, we illustrate that this rugby league show is in a mid-point or liminal state in regards to masculinities unable to present a coherent archetype of masculinity that is both based in historically acceptable forms of masculinity (and the culture of the show) and espoused by current players.
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We describe this juxtaposition by understanding the Footy Show as reflecting what Victor Turner ( 1967) called a liminal state. Using Anderson's ( 2009) theoretical framework of inclusive masculinities, we examine how the Footy Show attempts to re-inscribe orthodox perspectives on masculinity, despite the more inclusive nature of masculinities among Australian Rugby League Players it features ( Murray & White 2015). It is therefore our contention that we can no longer accept as a null-hypothesis that contact sport athletes are homophobic, stoic, or even aggressive ( Kreager 2007) without empirical evidence.ġ.3 This research explores how masculinities are constructed within the context of Australian rugby league media, specifically the NRL Footy Show. Accordingly, in contrast to men being hierarchically stratified, with men who embody orthodox masculinity at the top, Anderson ( 2009 2014) has found varying masculine archetypes are valued in an inclusive culture. Rather homophobia has lost its ability to police male gender in the western countries studied, and therefore multiple archetypes of masculinity can be esteemed without hegemony of any one ( Anderson 2009). Collectively, these authors agree with Anderson in stating that, as cultural antipathy towards homosexuality has reduced, many athletes no longer aspire to the traditional orthodox masculinity. In these, and many other studies, he proposes a softening of male gender in response to improved social attitudes toward homosexuality, especially among millennial males in Western cultures.ġ.2 In examining men's fear of being socially perceived as homosexual, what Anderson ( 2009 2011a) calls homohysteria, researchers evidence change in the gender performances of male athletes and non-athletes ( McCormack 2012 Roberts 2014). Sociologist Eric Anderson has perhaps published the most research in this area (c.f.e. Yet, contemporary accounts of sportsmen suggest a changing or different understanding of masculinity in the athletic terrain ( Dean 2013).
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1.1 Organised team sports have often been considered a key vehicle for the production of a socially valued archetype of heteromasculinity, based upon men being aggressive, stoic and homophobic ( Pronger 1990).